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Reference index

Sources

Official and primary sources come first where another religion's claims are summarized. Representative and secondary context is labeled separately.

40 entries

Primary source

al-Fisal

Medieval Muslim polemical source associated with strong textual-corruption arguments.

Ibn Hazm, al-Fisal fi al-milal wa-al-ahwa wa-al-nihal.

Primary source

Annals 15.44

Roman historical reference to Christus suffering under Pontius Pilate.

Tacitus, Annals 15.44.

Secondary context

Answering Jewish Objections to Jesus

Christian response series engaging Jewish objections to Jesus.

Michael L. Brown, Answering Jewish Objections to Jesus, Baker Books, 2000-2007.

Primary source

Antiquities of the Jews 18.63-64

Jewish historical reference to Jesus, handled with the standard interpolation caution.

Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 18.63-64.

Primary source

Babylonian Talmud, Sanhedrin 43a

Later Jewish polemical memory of Jesus' execution.

Babylonian Talmud, Sanhedrin 43a, Sefaria, accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Official source

Berean Bible Terms and Conditions

Official Berean Bible terms for use and attribution of the Berean Standard Bible text.

Berean Bible, "Terms and Conditions," accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Reference

BibleRef

Reference pages used for BibleRef-first links to Scripture passages.

BibleRef, accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Secondary context

Did Jesus Exist?

Critical historical source affirming Jesus' existence and crucifixion.

Bart D. Ehrman, Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth, HarperOne, 2012.

Official source

Doctrine and Covenants

Official Latter-day Saint scripture containing revelations and declarations for the restored church.

Doctrine and Covenants, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Official source

Gospel Topics Essays

Official Latter-day Saint essays addressing doctrine, history, and difficult questions.

Gospel Topics Essays, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Secondary context

Jehovah's Witnesses, Jesus Christ, and the Gospel of John

Christian apologetics source on Jehovah's Witness Christology and John.

Robert M. Bowman Jr., Jehovah's Witnesses, Jesus Christ, and the Gospel of John, Baker Book House, 1989.

Secondary context

Jesus and the Eyewitnesses

Scholarly work on Gospel testimony and eyewitness memory.

Richard Bauckham, Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony, 2nd ed., Eerdmans, 2017.

Secondary context

Jesus and the God of Israel

Scholarly work on early divine-identity Christology and Jewish monotheism.

Richard Bauckham, Jesus and the God of Israel: God Crucified and Other Studies on the New Testament's Christology of Divine Identity, Eerdmans, 2008.

Secondary context

Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography

Critical historical-Jesus source that treats the crucifixion as historically secure.

John Dominic Crossan, Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography, HarperOne, 1994.

Official source

Joseph Smith-History

Official Latter-day Saint scripture account of Joseph Smith's first vision and early calling.

Joseph Smith-History 1, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Reference

JPS Tanakh

Jewish Publication Society Tanakh translation context available through Sefaria.

Jewish Publication Society, "JPS Bible Translation Enters Digital Era with Sefaria," accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Secondary context

Lord Jesus Christ

Scholarly work on devotion to Jesus in earliest Christianity.

Larry W. Hurtado, Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity, Eerdmans, 2003.

Primary source

Mishneh Torah, Kings and Wars

Maimonides' legal discussion of kings and messianic criteria.

Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Kings and Wars, Sefaria, accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Secondary context

Misquoting Jesus

Critical popular work on New Testament textual variants.

Bart D. Ehrman, Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why, HarperOne, 2005.

Representative source

Moshiach and the Future Redemption

Representative Orthodox Jewish teaching resources on Messiah and the messianic era.

Chabad.org, "Who Is Moshiach (the Jewish Messiah)?," accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Official source

New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures

Official Jehovah's Witnesses Bible translation available on JW.org.

New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, JW.org, accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Secondary context

No God but One

Christian apologetics treatment of Islam and Christianity by a former Muslim.

Nabeel Qureshi, No God but One: Allah or Jesus?, Zondervan, 2016.

Official source

Pearl of Great Price

Official Latter-day Saint scripture containing Joseph Smith's history and additional texts.

Pearl of Great Price, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Secondary context

Reasoning from the Scriptures with the Jehovah's Witnesses

Evangelical response source for Jehovah's Witness claims.

Ron Rhodes, Reasoning from the Scriptures with the Jehovah's Witnesses, Harvest House, 1993.

Secondary context

Reasoning from the Scriptures with the Mormons

Evangelical response source for Latter-day Saint claims.

Ron Rhodes and Marian Bodine, Reasoning from the Scriptures with the Mormons, Harvest House, 1995.

Primary source

Sahih al-Bukhari

A major Sunni hadith collection presented by Sunnah.com.

Sahih al-Bukhari, Sunnah.com, accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Primary source

Sahih Muslim

A major Sunni hadith collection presented by Sunnah.com.

Sahih Muslim, Sunnah.com, accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Official source

Should You Believe in the Trinity?

Official Watch Tower brochure arguing against the Trinity.

Should You Believe in the Trinity?, JW.org, accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Reference

Tafsir Ibn Kathir

Classical Sunni tafsir used to represent traditional interpretation of Qur'anic passages.

Ibn Kathir, Tafsir on Qur'an 4:157, Quran.com, accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Reference

Tanakh

Sefaria's Hebrew Bible library, used as a Jewish reference source for Hebrew Bible passages.

Tanakh, Sefaria, accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Official source

The Archangel Michael

Official JW.org article identifying Michael with Jesus before and after his earthly life.

The Archangel Michael, JW.org, accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Official source

The Book of Mormon

Official Latter-day Saint scripture presented as another testament of Jesus Christ.

The Book of Mormon, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Secondary context

The Case for the Resurrection of Jesus

Secondary Christian apologetics source for historical resurrection arguments.

Gary R. Habermas and Michael R. Licona, The Case for the Resurrection of Jesus, Kregel Publications, 2004.

Secondary context

The Death of Jesus: Reality or Delusion?

Muslim scholarly discussion of Qur'an 4:157 and the death of Jesus.

Mahmoud M. Ayoub, "The Death of Jesus: Reality or Delusion? A Study of the Death of Jesus in Tafsir Literature," The Muslim World 70, no. 2, 1980.

Reference

The Jewish Study Bible

Jewish scholarly reference work on the Hebrew Bible.

Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler, eds., The Jewish Study Bible, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2014.

Reference

The Moody Handbook of Messianic Prophecy

Christian scholarly reference on messianic prophecy.

Michael Rydelnik and Edwin Blum, eds., The Moody Handbook of Messianic Prophecy, Moody Publishers, 2019.

Official source

The Qur'an

Quran.com presentation of the Qur'an with English translation support, used for mainstream Islamic source anchors.

The Qur'an, Quran.com, accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Reference

The Text of the New Testament

Reference work on New Testament textual transmission.

Bruce M. Metzger and Bart D. Ehrman, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration, 4th ed., Oxford University Press, 2005.

Official source

What Do Jehovah's Witnesses Believe?

Official JW.org summary of Jehovah's Witness beliefs.

What Do Jehovah's Witnesses Believe?, JW.org, accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Official source

What Does Bible Chronology Indicate About the Year 1914?

Official JW.org article explaining the 1914 kingdom chronology claim.

What Does Bible Chronology Indicate About the Year 1914?, JW.org, accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source